Dementia

A protein-enriched Mediterranean diet may be linked to better nutritional status and modest improvements in cognitive function in older adults at risk of undernutrition, even when exercise adherence is low.

Multicomponent training combining exercise, cognitive tasks, and social engagement may be associated with memory and thinking improvements in older adults with mild cognitive impairment, though the strength of evidence varies across studies.

Structured exercise may be associated with improved sleep-related brain connectivity in early Alzheimer's disease, but the benefit may require sustained participation to persist.

A single preoperative dose of intranasal dexmedetomidine may be associated with reduced postoperative delirium risk in older surgical patients, possibly through improved sleep the night before operation.

Voluntary leisure-time exercise may be more protective against dementia than work or commuting activity, suggesting that equitable access to safe spaces and time for intentional exercise could be more important for cognitive health than total activity volume.

Nonimmersive exergames and remote exercise may offer practical, scalable cognitive benefits for older adults, though effect sizes are modest and evidence quality remains low.

Targeted deprescribing of specific medications appears feasible and generally safe in older adults, but whether it actually reduces falls, improves cognition, or extends life remains unclear and likely depends on which drugs are reduced.

In this small trial, moderate-intensity cycling for 12 weeks did not significantly improve cognitive function, mood, or quality of life in older adults with subjective cognitive decline, though the study faced substantial limitations.

Creatine supplementation may help middle-aged and older adults preserve or gain lean muscle mass and strength, and may be linked to modest improvements in selected cognitive markers and metabolic health measures, particularly when combined with exercise.

Early cognitive training delivered digitally may support executive function in people with isolated REM sleep behavior disorder, though whether this translates to reduced dementia risk remains to be established.

A structured 12-week exercise program combining resistance and balance work may be linked to reduced frailty and improved cognitive function in older adults with cognitive frailty living in nursing homes.

For older adults with frailty, adding cognitive training to exercise may offer stronger benefits than exercise alone or other single-component additions, though the evidence quality varies across studies.

Board games may support specific cognitive abilities—memory in young children and processing speed in older adults—but the evidence remains preliminary and inconsistent, and larger controlled trials are needed.

Non-pharmacological approaches may help reduce behavioral and mood symptoms in dementia, though effect sizes are modest and evidence strength varies by outcome.

Digital mindfulness training may help dementia caregivers reduce stress, with the greatest benefit appearing in the first month and among those starting with the highest stress levels.

A structured multidomain intervention may be linked to modest but meaningful cognitive gains in older adults with mild cognitive impairment, and benefits appear to generalize across age, education, and cardiovascular risk profiles.

A structured dual-platform digital intervention combining cognitive training with social participation may be feasible and implementable in older adults, though the full clinical benefit requires completion of the trial and larger confirmatory studies.