Cognition

Cognitive training may sustain improvements in memory and mental processing speed in patients with exhaustion disorder for years after treatment, though larger follow-up studies are needed.

Multicomponent training combining exercise, cognitive tasks, and social engagement may be associated with memory and thinking improvements in older adults with mild cognitive impairment, though the strength of evidence varies across studies.

Short physical activity breaks during school lessons may help children focus and regulate behavior better, though the size and consistency of the benefit varies depending on how the breaks are delivered.

Touch restrictions in soccer training may amplify cognitive demand and acute BDNF response, potentially offering coaches a way to layer mental challenge onto physical conditioning.

Voluntary leisure-time exercise may be more protective against dementia than work or commuting activity, suggesting that equitable access to safe spaces and time for intentional exercise could be more important for cognitive health than total activity volume.

Nonimmersive exergames and remote exercise may offer practical, scalable cognitive benefits for older adults, though effect sizes are modest and evidence quality remains low.

Targeted deprescribing of specific medications appears feasible and generally safe in older adults, but whether it actually reduces falls, improves cognition, or extends life remains unclear and likely depends on which drugs are reduced.

Ashwagandha root extract may be associated with meaningful improvements in attention, hyperactivity, and executive function in children with mild ADHD, though larger and longer trials in more diverse ADHD populations are needed.

This upcoming trial may clarify whether high-dose B vitamins and Passiflora affect brain network organisation in healthy people, but findings are not yet available.

An online mindfulness course may help cancer survivors report better cognitive function and reduced fatigue and depressive symptoms, though objective cognitive gains appear modest.

For people with early schizophrenia, adding a structured physical exercise program to cognitive training may enhance attention improvements more than cognitive training alone, with the benefit linked to exercise frequency and intensity.

In this small trial, moderate-intensity cycling for 12 weeks did not significantly improve cognitive function, mood, or quality of life in older adults with subjective cognitive decline, though the study faced substantial limitations.

Caffeine appears linked to improved attention and alertness within 45 minutes, but the extra ingredients in energy drinks may not provide additional cognitive or physical benefits beyond caffeine alone.

Early cognitive training delivered digitally may support executive function in people with isolated REM sleep behavior disorder, though whether this translates to reduced dementia risk remains to be established.

A structured 12-week exercise program combining resistance and balance work may be linked to reduced frailty and improved cognitive function in older adults with cognitive frailty living in nursing homes.

Board games may support specific cognitive abilities—memory in young children and processing speed in older adults—but the evidence remains preliminary and inconsistent, and larger controlled trials are needed.

Non-pharmacological approaches may help reduce behavioral and mood symptoms in dementia, though effect sizes are modest and evidence strength varies by outcome.

Group reminiscence therapy may help reduce depression and anxiety in older adults living in care facilities, though the evidence for loneliness reduction remains unclear.

Brief, intense exercise bouts may enhance children's in-class attention more than steady-paced aerobic activity, though both types appear beneficial.

Physical activity appears associated with small improvements in children's attention and math performance, though the effects are modest and sensitive to publication bias; specific intervention formats (shorter programs for attention, classroom-integrated lessons for math) showed promising descriptive patterns but require further testing.

A structured multidomain intervention may be linked to modest but meaningful cognitive gains in older adults with mild cognitive impairment, and benefits appear to generalize across age, education, and cardiovascular risk profiles.

A structured dual-platform digital intervention combining cognitive training with social participation may be feasible and implementable in older adults, though the full clinical benefit requires completion of the trial and larger confirmatory studies.