Alzheimer's

Multicomponent training combining exercise, cognitive tasks, and social engagement may be associated with memory and thinking improvements in older adults with mild cognitive impairment, though the strength of evidence varies across studies.

Structured exercise may be associated with improved sleep-related brain connectivity in early Alzheimer's disease, but the benefit may require sustained participation to persist.

Voluntary leisure-time exercise may be more protective against dementia than work or commuting activity, suggesting that equitable access to safe spaces and time for intentional exercise could be more important for cognitive health than total activity volume.

Nonimmersive exergames and remote exercise may offer practical, scalable cognitive benefits for older adults, though effect sizes are modest and evidence quality remains low.

Early cognitive training delivered digitally may support executive function in people with isolated REM sleep behavior disorder, though whether this translates to reduced dementia risk remains to be established.

A structured multidomain intervention may be linked to modest but meaningful cognitive gains in older adults with mild cognitive impairment, and benefits appear to generalize across age, education, and cardiovascular risk profiles.